Digital Portfolio 2

Cornell Note-Taking:

Description: Note-taking is the practice of writing down information in an organized way.

Importance: Note-taking is important so that you can reference them to use for studying. Notes organizes and condenses information. They also allow you to put ideas in your own words.

Sample: 

Argumentation:

Description: Argumentation is when you write a paragraph based on a claim. The claim is then baked up with data and the data is backed up with a warrant. The claim is basically a thesis statement with the date and warrant being supporting details.

Importance: Argumentation is important so that if you had to summarize a historical document, you are able to do that with the claim, data, and warrant method. It can help you organize your thoughts in a clear summary.

Sample: 

Contrary to the fundamental principles of the United States, slavery was a major crisis, resolved only after a great struggle. With the end of the Civil War, the crisis of slavery was resolved with a series of amendments that ended slavery and promised all citizens equality.

To end slavery, an amendment was made necessary by the Dred Scott Decision, which ruled that the Federal Government could not limit slavery. The 13th Amendment, passed in 1865, ended slavery in the United States. By removing bondage from the country forever, there would never again be a whole class of people legally subordinate to the majority.

In 1868, the 14th Amendment guaranteed that anyone born in the United States would be a citizen and have equal protection under the law. This amendment was also necessary because the Dred Scott Decision ruled that citizenship could not be denied based on the color of one’s skin.By protecting citizenship, this amendment moved the county one step closer to equality.

The 15th Amendment, passed in 1870, prevented states from denying people the right to vote based on race or former condition of servitude. Along with the 13th and 14th Amendments, this changed relationship between the federal government and the individual, making the Federal Government responsible for protecting the rights of its citizens. Although discrimination continued for another century, it established the legal basis for for the Civil Rights Movements and other fights for equality in the 20th Century, leading to a more just America.

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment ended the crisis of slavery. Although the struggle for rights continued well into the next century. They helped create a Constitution more in line with our founding principles, where all men are created equal and enjoy rights guaranteed to all.

Document Analysis:

Description: Document Analysis is a method of finding who the speaker is, who is the speaker’s audience, what is the occasion, what is the purpose, and what is the significance.

Importance: It is important to analyze a document to really comprehend the information. If you don’t know what the document is saying, a tool can be the SOAPS document analysis method.

Sample: 

Early in New England’s colonization, the Pilgrims signed a social contract, which we today refer to as the Mayflower Conpact. The Pilgrims were subjects of King James founding a colony in North Americ because of religous conflict. North America, though, had already began to be coloinizes. Jamestown, founded a decade earlier, struggled because of weak government. The Pilgrims did not want to make the same mistake. Insead, the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact in 1620 as a compact in which the people consented to be governed by their leaders. The Mayflower Compact was writren directly to themselves and also to King James. The significance of the Mayflower was that it represents an early understanding that government derives its authority from the consented of the governed.

Timeline:

Description: A timeline is a study tool to display a group of events in chronological order.

Importance: The use of a timeline, expecially in history, can be useful and important because they convey change over a period of time with major changing point events.

Sample: 

This is a timeline of the crisis of slavery in America from 1619, the first shipment of slaves, to 1870, the 15th Amendment. It shows the minor events to the major events that led to slavery abolishment.

Here is the hyperlink: http://www.dipity.com/mburkeecs/The-Crisis-of-Slavery-In-America/

Historical Fiction:

Description: Historical fiction is a type of genre used for literature, plays, TV shows, etc. The story usually is set in the past and is often historical setting. It often contains actual historical people, however, the main characters are usually fictional. Also, if the plot is based on an historica event, the ending doesn’t always play out historically. It can be just the opposite.

Importance: The importance of historical fiction is to get a historical feeling for the setting, but also historical fiction puts history into entertainment.

Sample:

In 1830, President Andrew Jackson issued the Indian Removal Act granted by Congress.  President Jackson authorized the transfer of the “five civilized tribes” which included the Cherokees, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaw, and Choctaws. Jackson claimed this was a way of protecting them from the white culture. The five tribes gave up all their land to the government and agreed to migrate east by the end of the 1830s. This began with the “Trail of Tears” in 1838 which forced a march of nearly 70,000 Native Americans from their homelands. This process took nearly ten years to complete. Due to harsh conditions, many died from illness, disease, and hunger. The governments of the Native Americans and United States were so close it was ultimitately inevitable. The Indians had no where else to go.

If the Indian Removal Act hadn’t been passed:

Jeremiah Evarts, an official missionary, went to Congress and argued that the Cherokees had the rights to retain their homeland because of birthright and could only lose their land if they voluntarily surrendered it. Evarts argued that the Cherokees occupied the land before the European colonists arrived. Because of Jeremiah Evarts’s argument, Congress re-thought their decision on passing the Indian Removal Act and decided to not grant the act.

Even though the Indian Removal Act had not beed passed there still was discrimination, tension, and conflict between the Native Americans and Whites. Because of these three main things, a war was created. The Native Americans and Whites began a war with the knowledge that both lacked resources. The Native Americans began taking farmland from the Whites, and the Whites began taking the Native Americans produce. The Whites won the war, inevitably sending the Native American groups on the “Trail of Tears.”

As a long term effect, thousands of Native Americans died on the Trail of Tears due to the harsh weather conditions. The Native Americans gave up their land to the Whites causing the Whites to have ultimate power over them

This alternative, historical-fiction story is slightly different to what really happened. The Indian Removal Act wasn’t passed; however because the act wasn’t passed, there was tension and conflict that caused war. The Whites had ultimate control over the Native Americans which still lead them to walk the Trail of Tears. This decision that Congress made was horrible and shouldn’t have happened. However, history is history and this was ultimately not inevitable.

Relationship Between Employers, Employees, & Government

According to Howard Zinn’s “The Ludlow Massacre,” the beginning of the massacre began with 11,000 miners going to strike because of mine explosions and dangerous working conditions in 1914. However, the miners had to set up tent colonies after they were evicted from their company-owned hovels. Then Woody Guthrie, famous folk singer and people’s historian, wrote a song “The Ludlow Massacre” describing militiamen (today’s National Guard) sent by the governer to end the strike. The governor had the interest of the company in mind instead of the workers. Guthrie describes militiamen waiting outside the tent colonies until night time to lit the tents on fire. They then fired gatlin guns killing 13 children. An eyewitness, Godfrey Irwin, confirms Guthrie’s Song in his “Eyewitness to Murder: Recounting the Ludlow Massacre.” Guthrie describes how militiamen were watching the tents and murdered Louis Tikas, a greek leader of the strikers. Guthrie explains how “it was a murder and nothing else.” He then writes about children and women running to pits for safety and how afterward trapped them. Guthrie in the end of his eyewitness acount describes how many of the militiamen admitted to him they had been drafted for the massacre.

These sources describe the relationship between the employers, employees, and the government at that time. The government had the employer’s company’s interest instead of the employees.

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis, a Danish Immigrant, came to America in 1870 with just $40 in his pocket. He had suffered being homeless and hungry for a period of time that caused him to even consider suicide once. He then got a career as a police reporter for the New York Sun and  wrote articles about the harsh realities of life in the New York Slums. He first published articles and pictures (too dark to see anything), but it made no impact. Then flash photography came out for Riis to photograph the living conditions of the urban poor. The film showed absence of privacy, low sanitation, and vermin that littered tennents. Riis then published How The Other Half Lives in 1890. It included his writings and photographs of the living conditions. This sparked a new approach to reporting called “muckraking” which led to the Progressive Era reform to improve the living conditions.

 

 

The Picture above is a photo that Riis published in his book showingv  a men’s unsanitary lodging room. Men are sleeping on newspaper on the ground and on wooden tables. There are scraps of wood in the corner and dirt all over the room. Riis’s photographs not only gave people a visual view of the living conditions, but also a reality check that people lived like this in their own city. After Riis published How The Other Half Lives, he recieved much support and action on creating a solution to the unsanitary living conditions. Riis even recieved help from Theodore Roosevelt. His pictures were eye-opening for the upper and middle class and were unlike anything they had seen before.

The Crisis of Slavery in America Timeline

This is a timeline of the crisis of slavery in America from 1619, the first shipment of slaves, to 1870, the 15th Amendment. It shows the minor events to the major events that led to slavery abolishment.

Here is the hyperlink: http://www.dipity.com/mburkeecs/The-Crisis-of-Slavery-In-America/

As with the screenshot.

Indian Removal Act: Alternative History

In 1830, President Andrew Jackson issued the Indian Removal Act granted by Congress.  President Jackson authorized the transfer of the “five civilized tribes” which included the Cherokees, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaw, and Choctaws. Jackson claimed this was a way of protecting them from the white culture. The five tribes gave up all their land to the government and agreed to migrate east by the end of the 1830s. This began with the “Trail of Tears” in 1838 which forced a march of nearly 70,000 Native Americans from their homelands. This process took nearly ten years to complete. Due to harsh conditions, many died from illness, disease, and hunger. The governments of the Native Americans and United States were so close it was ultimitately inevitable. The Indians had no where else to go.

If the Indian Removal Act hadn’t been passed:

Jeremiah Evarts, an official missionary, went to Congress and argued that the Cherokees had the rights to retain their homeland because of birthright and could only lose their land if they voluntarily surrendered it. Evarts argued that the Cherokees occupied the land before the European colonists arrived. Because of Jeremiah Evarts’s argument, Congress re-thought their decision on passing the Indian Removal Act and decided to not grant the act.

Even though the Indian Removal Act had not beed passed there still was discrimination, tension, and conflict between the Native Americans and Whites. Because of these three main things, a war was created. The Native Americans and Whites began a war with the knowledge that both lacked resources. The Native Americans began taking farmland from the Whites, and the Whites began taking the Native Americans produce. The Whites won the war, inevitably sending the Native American groups on the “Trail of Tears.”

As a long term effect, thousands of Native Americans died on the Trail of Tears due to the harsh weather conditions. The Native Americans gave up their land to the Whites causing the Whites to have ultimate power over them

This alternative, historical-fiction story is slightly different to what really happened. The Indian Removal Act wasn’t passed; however because the act wasn’t passed, there was tension and conflict that caused war. The Whites had ultimate control over the Native Americans which still lead them to walk the Trail of Tears. This decision that Congress made was horrible and shouldn’t have happened. However, history is history and this was ultimately not inevitable.

Thomas Jefferson’s Inauguration (1801) Mindmap

This is a mindmap summarizing the 3 main points of Thomas Jefferson’s Inauguration in 1801. The three main points of Jefferson’s Inauguration are unifying republicans and federalists principles, different ideas create a better democracy, and a good government is necessary for a strong country. Here is a hyperlink to Thomas Jefferson’s Inauguration mindmap.

http://www.mindomo.com/view.htm?m=e64fe8c7b5f64b5aa4009f70cb1ea0b8

Also here is a preview picture of what it looks like.

Digital Portfolio 1

Cornell Note-Taking:

Description- Note-taking is the practice of writing down information in an organized way.

Importance- Note-taking is important so that you can reference them to use for studying. Notes organizes and condenses information. They also allow you to put ideas in your own words.

Sample Notes-

Argumentation:

Description- Argumentation is when you write a paragraph based on a claim. The claim is then baked up with data and the data is backed up with a warrant. The claim is basically a thesis statement with the date and warrant being supporting details.

Importance- Argumentation is important so that if you had to summarize a historical document, you are able to do that with the claim, data, and warrant method. It can help you organize your thoughts in a clear summary.

The Northwest Ordinance was a significant piece of legislation because it was a bright spot in otherwise failing government, provided a path to statehood, and insisted on rights for settlers. This was a bright spot in otherwise failing government because the Articles of Confederation lacked Bill of Rights. The Northwest Ordinance would create new states out of western lands and then admitted into the Union. Theses new states would equal the old states so that there would be no inferior or superior. The citizens would be equal and enjoy all rights they fought for in the revolution. It included many basic rights where as the Articles of Confederation lacked. These included trial by jury and religious freedom.

Document Analysis:

Description- Document Analysis is a method of finding who the speaker is, who is the speaker’s audience, what is the occasion, what is the purpose, and what is the significance.

Importance- It is important to analyze a document to really comprehend the information. If you don’t know what the document is saying, a tool can be the SOAPS document analysis method.

Excerpts from COMMON SENSE (1770)

The cause of America is, in a great measure, the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances have, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all lovers of mankind are affected, and in the event of which, their affections are interested. The laying a country desolate with fire and sword, declaring war against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders thereof from the face of the earth, is the concern of every man to whom nature hath given the power of feeling; of which class, regardless of party censure, is…

…In order to gain a clear and just idea of the design and end of government, let us suppose a small number of persons settled in some sequestered part of the earth, unconnected with the rest, they will then represent the first peopling of any country, or of the world. In this state of natural liberty, society will be their first thought. A thousand motives will excite them thereto; the strength of one man is so unequal to his wants, and his mind so unfitted for perpetual solitude, that he is soon obliged to seek assistance and relief of another, who in his turn requires the same. Four or five united would be able to raise a tolerable dwelling in the midst of a wilderness, but one man might labor out the common period of life without accomplishing any thing; when he had felled his timber he could not remove it, nor erect it after it was removed; hunger in the mean time would urge him from his work, and every different want call him a different way. Disease, nay even misfortune would be death, for though neither might be mortal, yet either would disable him from living, and reduce him to a state in which he might rather be said to perish than to die….

…But as the colony increases, the public concerns will increase likewise, and the distance at

which the members may be separated, will render it too inconvenient for all of them to meet on every occasion as at first, when their number was small, their habitations near, and the public concerns few and trifling. This will point out the convenience of their consenting to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the whole body, who are supposed to have the same concerns at stake which those have who appointed them, and who will act in the same manner as the whole body would act were they present. If the colony continue increasing, it will become necessary to augment the number of the representatives, and that the interest of every part of the colony may be attended to, it will be found best to divide the whole into convenient parts, each part sending its proper number; and that the elected might never form to themselves an interest separate from the electors, prudence will point out the propriety of having elections often; because as the elected might by that means return and mix again with the general body of the electors in a few months, their fidelity to the public will be secured by the prudent reflection of not making a rod for themselves. And as this frequent interchange will establish a common interest with every part of the community, they will mutually and naturally support each other, and on this (not on the unmeaning name of king) depends the strength of government, and the happiness of the governed….

…Here then is the origin and rise of government; namely, a mode rendered necessary by the inability of moral virtue to govern the world; here too is the design and end of government, viz., freedom and security. And however our eyes may be dazzled with snow, or our ears deceived by sound; however prejudice may warp our wills, or interest darken our understanding, the simple voice of nature and of reason will say, it is right…

Source: Thomas Paine, Common Sense, Philadelphia: W.& T. Bradford, 1776.

SOAPS Paragraph- In Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, he is writing specifically to the colonists. The colonies are suffering leading to a revolt against King George III. Paine blames the British monarchy for the colonists suffering. Paine is an advocate for immediate Declaration of Independence. Many believe that this sparked the Revolutionary war which cause the 1st successful ant-colonial act in modern-day history.

Symbolic Representation:

Description- I used 1o different images to symbolize the first 10 amendments of the Constitution. These images are used to help you graphically remember what the amendment is.

10 Amendments Blog-

1st Amendment: Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press.

This amendment protects our liberty both to express and be exposed to ideas and opinions. This amendment is not absolute, however. If an individual violates the rights of others, it may not be protected. Examples are inflammatory speech, defamatory speech, true threats, and hat speech.  Freedom of religion guarantees that there can never be an official religion for the country as a whole. You can also have no religious beliefs.

The image below states “Freedom of Expresson.” Freedom of Expression means that we have the freedom to express our thoughts, religion, ideas, etc. This clearly defines the 1st amendment.

2nd Amendment: Protects the right to keep and bear arms

The picture below with a gun represents our right to have weapons. These weapons are necessarily to be used to shoot other citizens and things, however to protect yourself in case of emergency.

3rd Amendment: Guards against the forced quartering of troops

The image below of a troop in a house represents that you have a right against housing troops.

4th Amendment: Protects persons, houses, papers, and effects. “Unreasonable searches and seizures.”

Warrants are issued during investigations to arrest or search.

5th Amendment: Guarantees a trial by jury and self-incrimination.

6th Amendment: Right to have a “speedy and public trial” and to be informed of the charges made against him, the right to call witnesses in his defense, and the right to have an attorney in his defense.

This image of the jury listening to the lawyer defending. They have a trial by jury and can have a “speedy and public trial”

7th Amendment: Lays out the rules of common law.

8th Amendment: Protects against “cruel and unusual punishments”

An innocence that accused criminals should not have to sit in jail, endlessly awating trial. However, the court can’t just let him free. They need to insure that the accused criminal does not run away and that they appear for court.

Bail is a system that compromises these needs with those of the individual. Bail itself is not a right. The 8th amendment guarantees that bail not be excessive.

9th Amendment: Ensures that the individual rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution are secure

The image below states “Every human has rights…Doesn’t mean we should demand them” means the we as humans have rights even if they aren’t stated in the Constitution.

10th Amendment: Limits the power of federal government by reserving for the states all powers that are not explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution.

The Bill of Rights: Amendments 1-10

1st Amendment: Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press.

This amendment protects our liberty both to express and be exposed to ideas and opinions. This amendment is not absolute, however. If an individual violates the rights of others, it may not be protects. Examples are inflammatory speech, defamatory speech, true threats, and hat speech.  Freedom of religion guarantees that there can never be an offical religion for the country as a whole. You can also have no religious beliefs.

2nd Amendment: Protects the right to keep and bear arms

3rd Amendment: Guards against the forced quartering of troops

4th Amendment: Protects persons, houses, papers, and effects. “Unreasonable searches and seizures.”

Warrants are issued during investigations to arrest or search.

5th Amendment: Guarantees a trial by jury and self-incrimination

6th Amendment: Right to have a “speedy and public trial” and to be informed of the charges made against him, the right to call witnesses in his defense, and the right to have an attorney in his defense.

7th Amendment: Lays out the rules of common law.

8th Amendment: Protects against “cruel and unusual punishments”

An innocence that accused criminals should not have to sit in jail, endlessly awating trial. However, the court can’t just let him free. They need to insure that the accused criminal does not run away and that they appear for court.

Bail is a system that compromises these needs with those of the individual. Bail itself is not a right. The 8 Amendment guarantees that bail not be excessive.

9th Amendment: Ensures that the individual rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution are secure

10th Amendment: Limits the power of federal government by reserving for the states all powers that are not explicity granted to the federal government by the Constitution.

 

How is copyright related to John Locke’s idea about property?

The two pictures I have shown, show the creator chasing the person who has stolen his “ship”. However, the FBI comes and arrests the stealer for stealing the creator’s property, being his ship.

Copyright enforces the protection of your property, a claim to ownership of something. Congress enforced copyright and patents to protect inventors, writers, artists, and musicians from having people copy their work. John Locke’s idea about property is a part of natural rights. Locke’s view on property is that people own themselves, therefore, they own their own labor. The person worked for that object, so now it is their property. This concept about copyright and property is important because what we own is important to us as humans. We need protection for our property in case anything happens.